• • • The Bates method is an aimed at improving. Eye-care physician, M.D. (1860–1931) attributed nearly all sight problems to strain of the eyes, and felt that were harmful and never necessary. Bates self-published a book,, as well as a magazine,, (and earlier collaborated with on a correspondence course) detailing his approach to helping people relax such 'strain', and thus, he claimed, improve their sight. His techniques centered on visualization and movement.

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He placed particular emphasis on imagining letters and marks, and the movement of such. He also felt that exposing the eyes to sunlight would help alleviate the 'strain'. Despite continued reports of successful results, including well-publicised support by, Bates' techniques have not been shown to improve eyesight. His main proposition—that the eyeball changes shape to maintain —has consistently been contradicted by observation.

In 1952, optometry professor wrote of Bates, 'Most of his claims and almost all of his theories have been considered false by practically all visual scientists.' Marg concluded that the Bates method owed its popularity largely to 'flashes of clear vision' experienced by many who followed it. Such occurrences have since been explained as a -like effect of moisture on the eye, or a flattening of the lens by the ciliary muscles. The Bates method has been criticized not only because there is no good evidence it works, but also because it can have negative consequences for those who attempt to follow it: they might damage their eyes through overexposure of their eyes to sunlight, put themselves and others at risk by not wearing their corrective lenses while driving, or neglect conventional eye care, possibly allowing serious conditions to develop. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Underlying concepts [ ] Accommodation [ ] is the process by which the eye increases to maintain on the while shifting its gaze to a closer point.

The long-standing medical consensus is that this is accomplished by action of the, a muscle within the eye, which adjusts the curvature of the eye's. This explanation is based in the observed effect of temporarily preventing accommodation when applied to the ciliary muscle, as well as images reflected on the crystalline lens becoming smaller as the eye shifts focus to a closer point, indicating a change in the lens' shape. Contoh surat memohon sumbangan program ma. Bates rejected this explanation, and in his 1920 book presented photographs that he said showed that the image remained the same size even as the eye shifted focus, concluding from this that the lens was not a factor in accommodation. However, optometrist Philip Pollack in a 1956 work characterized these photographs as 'so blurred that it is impossible to tell whether one image is larger than the other', in contrast to that clearly showed a change in the size of the reflected images, just as had been observed since the late nineteenth century.