Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Taxonomy and phylogeny [ ] The zebra finch was first collected in 1801 during 's to Australia. It was in 1817 by in his Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, where he gave it the scientific name Fringilla guttata. The Australian subspecies was then described in 1837 by as Amadina castanotis. Its current genus, Taeniopygia, was described in 1862. It is placed in the tribe Poephilini, along with the genus, which it was previously included in; the split between Taeniopygia and Poephila is justified by 1987 study using. There are two of the zebra finch: • Taeniopygia guttata guttata, the Timor zebra finch, extends from in the or in to Sermata, in addition to coastal areas around the continent of Australia. • is found over the wide range of continental Australia; it is sometimes split as the Australian zebra finch.

The zebra finch likely evolved in Australia, with either northern or southeastern Australia postulated as two places where the genus arose. The present-day distribution of the subspecies T.

Guttata is likely due to a Pleistocene glaciation event where the sea level dropped between about 100 and 150 metres (330 and 490 ft), putting the coasts of Timor and Australia closer. This allowed birds swept out to sea by cyclones to see mountains near the west coast of Timor, which prompted them to make landfall on the island. The differences between the subspecies include differences in size. Guttata is smaller than T. In addition, the T. Guttata males do not have the fine barring found on the throat and upper breast and have smaller breast bands. Habitat and distribution [ ].

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Male in Western Australia, Australia The zebra finch has the most extensive mainland distribution of the Australian estrilids, being found in about 75% of mainland Australia, as the subspecies Taeniopygia guttata castanotis. This subspecies is generally not found on the coasts, except for the arid western edge. As the subspecies T.

Guttata, it is distributed from the islands Lombok and Sumbawa in the east to Luang and Sermata, and south to Sumba, Sawu, Dao, Roti, Semau,. The zebra finch (or at the very least, the subspecies T. Castanotis) is generally found in more arid areas.

The areas it chooses to occupy are close to water, and places where rain is concentrated after it falls. However, this is likely more related to the abundance of vegetation than the abundance of water as a resource in itself. Within these areas, it is found in grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs, and in open or grassy woodlands. It is also found in cultivated areas, such as rice fields It usually stays confined to the low coastal areas of the islands it inhabits, but it can move to elevations up to 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) to exploit expanding cultivation and grasslands. Although zebra finch breeding, for example, is initiated by rainfall, proposed that sustained heavy precipitation is detrimental to the zebra finch.

This is supported by the observation that the nest does not shield the chicks or eggs from rain, and rainfall can sometimes result in clutches being abandoned. Furthermore, it is supported by Immelmann's finding that zebra finches left after the first heavy rains in November 1959, but returned to breed in April. It is hypothesized that birds in parts of northern Australia migrate inland during the wet season from October to May, and return to the coastal regions during the dryer months. Life cycle [ ] The life expectancy of a zebra finch is highly variable because of genetic and environmental factors. The zebra finch may reach up to five years in its natural environment. If they are kept caged, they normally live for 5 to 9 years but may live as long as 12 years, with an exceptional case of 14.5 years reported for a caged specimen. The greatest threats to zebra finch survival are predation by cats and loss of natural food.

Song and other vocalizations [ ] Zebra finches are loud and boisterous singers. Their calls can be a loud beep, meep, oi!

Their song is a few small beeps, leading up to a rhythmic song of varying complexity in males. Each male's song is different, although birds of the same bloodline will exhibit similarities, and all finches will overlay their own uniqueness onto a common rhythmic framework. Sons generally learn the song of their fathers with little variation. There is a critical sensitive period during which juvenile males learn their songs by imitating a mature, male tutor. Subsong (early, poorly structured vocalizations) evolve into 'plastic song'. This plastic song is variable between renditions but begins to incorporate some recognizable elements of tutor songs. A study conducted by Nottebohm et al., has shown that birds were able to successfully imitate their tutor’s song after relatively short exposure (40 playbacks of the motifs lasting 30 seconds total) over the duration of their sensitive learning period.